Power Struggles and the Strong Woman

Katherine Hui RAYMOND WATERS CWL320 30 November 2011 POWER STRUGGLES AND THE STRONG WOMAN â€Å"Morning Glory†, coordinated by Roger Mitchell, is a lighthearted comedy and a reification of morning TV. It is vigorously covered in a recipe base plot †the female hero is confronted with deterrents in which she should defeat to demonstrate her value to the individuals who have questioned her wrong; while at the same time adjusting her adoration intrigue. One of the most conspicuous originals in parody is the tough lady model. The tough lady assumes an exceptional job depicting power battles, particularly in the workplace.Becky Fuller, 28, is a high-vitality and wide-looked at collaborator maker. She rapidly turns into an agreeable character in which the crowd can't resist the opportunity to pull for. Through her battles with seeking after her fantasies about turning into an official maker at the Today Show, Becky winds up employed to revive a morning appear in disturbance. All through the film she encounters battles with herself, her system, and the male alazon †Mike Pomeroy, a previous anchorperson acclaimed for his involvement with covering â€Å"real† news.There is an equal development between all the characters in the film just as the morning show itself. The film starts with a date, outwardly surrounding Becky’s clear social clumsiness and her obvious commitment to work. Due to her activity in early morning news, the crowd sees her on a â€Å"3p. m. dinner† date with a showcasing official, whose activity includes into the incongruity of the couple. Becky is affixed to her telephone and incapable to discuss something besides her work. She staggers over her words and goes about as though she were as yet a pubescent young person on her first date.The promoting official promptly understands her cumbersomeness and insufficiency to expel herself from her activity and rapidly requests the check. Here the crowd identifies for Becky , seeing her battle in attempting to satisfy one of life’s essential needs: friendship. The date is trailed by a montage of her day by day schedule in which we see Becky in her customary range of familiarity; in full oversight of what she is energetic about: work. The crowd sees the balance between her devotion with work and battles ith men; and can feel a feeling of deference and regard for the character. Despite the fact that she needs having the option to make social associations she compensates for in her dedication to her work. Becky is a profoundly devoted to her position at Good Morning New Jersey. She is the â€Å"first one in, last one out and discovers a shitload more about news than someone’s whose daddy paid them to smoke bongs and talk semiotics at Harvard. † Becky is warned that she would be elevated to official maker, something that she has sought after since she was 18.Instead she is laid off and hopefully supplanted by a male who has more involv ement in training from Harvard. This is a steady battle in the public eye today; ladies are misjudged and effectively supplanted in the work place. The tough ladies paradigm serves to refute society through the comic soul subject. Albeit Becky is reliably confronted with others question in her †including her own mom †she drives forward through the antagonism as the tough lady and is given the open door as an official maker on Daybreak, a â€Å"perpetually fourth evaluated morning show† at IBS.On Becky’s first day she is as of now stood up to with numerous inconveniences: her boss’s absence of confidence, the show’s low spirit, and its semi-skilled staff. Rapidly she demonstrates that she forces the kind of decisiveness and enthusiastic demeanor that Daybreak urgently needs, settling on the official choice to fire a long running co-stay Paul McVee, the embodiment of the vanity and one of the primary explanations behind the show’s low assur ance. Becky again faces another test: finding the ideal substitution. Daybreak’s low spending powers Becky to locate a capricious method to employ another anchor.Through her mind and capacity to think and react quickly she finds a proviso in one of IBS’s contracted and resigned commentators. Mike Pomeroy, the show-boater male, is an incredibly famous and regarded TV columnist. His assessment of morning TV is a long way from low and is profoundly hesitant in having to co-grapple Daybreak, at long last he is compelled to acknowledge the situation because of his 6,000,000 dollar contract with IBS. Pomeroy will not cover anything â€Å"un-newsworthy† and turns into a steady battle in Becky’s exertion to improve the show.Pomeroy ignores all of Becky’s demands, in any event, becoming inebriated before his first day at work, further passing on his job as the showoff male. Becky withstands whatever Pomeroy tosses at her, resembling her solidarity to his ex perience. Pomeroy analyzes morning amusement to a useless sweet â€Å"donut†, in which Becky counters by contrasting hard news with an exhausting â€Å"bran biscuit. † Both characters at last come to compromise when they team up on their first breaking report, covering the live capture of New Jersey’s representative on charges of racketeering.Becky is cheerful and thinks about their discovery to a â€Å"bran doughnut. † She is confronted with one more test: improving Daybreaks evaluations or confronting scratch-off. One test that TV faces today is the nature of amusement. Frequently time’s evaluations depend on contention and mainstream society and the moronic ing down of data to pacify the business crowd. Becky completely comprehends what watchers need and ignores this issue, totally giving herself into doing totally anything to build ratings.Through the tough lady original Becky shows that she has a reasonable vision and demonstrates to her assoc iates that she has a solid procedure and capacity to meet the crowds needs. Her devotion rally’s resolve and like Lysistrata she can convince her group to be similarly as submitted as she may be. Becky performs wonders, presenting new portions and making a huge difference from the climate communicate to their meetings. This movement is farced paced, resembling the show’s expanding success.As Daybreak’s evaluations go up they’re ready to access increasingly celebrated big names, which thus builds appraisals considerably more. The show’s limit accompanies Becky’s and Pomeroy’s â€Å"bran donut,† meaning her accomplishment at Daybreak and her capacity to conquer the tribulations of the male alazon through her solid will and persistence. All through the plot Becky turns out to be impractically engaged with Adam Bennett, another maker at IBS. Despite the fact that â€Å"Morning Glory† is a lighthearted comedy, it contacts dai ntily on Becky’s relationship with Adam, concentrating more on her trades with Pomeroy.Expectantly, Becky battles with expelling herself from work while attempting to assemble a relationship with her affection intrigue. Her commitment to work is her Achilles’ recuperate just as her supreme quality. Adam can disregard her ponderousness, even to the point reverence. The show’s triumphs and destructions corresponding with Becky’s development in her capacity to support a relationship. Towards the finish of the film, as with every rom-com, she is at long last ready to neglect her fixations and prevail with regards to conquering her incapacity to make a sentimental connection.The comic soul tries to show quality in the individuals who merit an opportunity to display enormity; the individuals who are ignored by society’s guidelines. In â€Å"Morning Glory,† Becky’ Fuller’s suffering quality, commanding assurance, and self-conviction r ises above past any high profiled work understanding or degree from Harvard. Daybreak’s development matches with Becky’s relationship with Mike Pomeroy too the crew’s assurance. Becky is a prime case of the tough lady model and she triumphs over her internal battles just as battles with the higher powers of society.

Discuss official statistics with regard to how useful Essay

Contingent upon whether the humanist is a positivist or an interpretivist, official measurements might be useless. Positivists consider authority to be as important wellsprings of quantitative data that can be utilized to examine circumstances and logical results connections, similar to Durkheim did when researching self destruction. As per positivists, official measurements are hard, social realities that are isolated from an individual, yet influence their conduct. Most positivists acknowledge the legitimacy and unwavering quality of authentic insights. An interpretivist doesn't accept a similar view as a positivist. They accept that they are not estimations of realities, and are somewhat social developments made by the implications individuals append to conduct. Police may join implications to murder or thefts and it is the activity of a humanist to see how those implications are developed. Marxists take one more view. They accept that official insights are apparatuses made by the bourgeoisie to uphold their belief system onto the working class. These instruments can be utilized to veil the genuine imbalances of society and private enterprise. They will observe Conservative governments exchanging the techniques use to quantify joblessness more than multiple times, as a rule bringing about a fall in joblessness. Utilizing official insights is useful for the humanist as they cost next to no to utilize while being promptly accessible. Tests are additionally exceptionally huge and the enumeration includes the whole populace; while ordinarily tests this enormous wouild be outside a sociologist’s financial plan, insights can be utilized to get a huge example without costing the humanist much. In the event that numerous official insights are gathered after some time, they can be utilized to build up connections and patterns over the long run. Impacts of enactment and bills can likewise be estimated through these huge scope studies. As measurements, for example, the evaluation are required to be taken in each EU part state, global examinations can be made. As a rule, these measurements are the main information accessible. In any case, these measurements are frequently gathered for authoritative and beaurocratic reasons, not sociological reasons and thus, groupings made by governments may not be appropriate for sociological reasons. As these are delivered by the state, they might be one-sided to support a specific government to reflect achievement of arrangements. A few information might be maintained a strategic distance from and center around the terrible as opposed to the great, for example, discussing social scroungez s as opposed to discussing the quantity of non-habitations. As said previously, interpretivists contend that official insights are not realities, but instead social developments â€Å"The police make crime† is a view taken by some as it is at last dependent upon them to capture individuals and make the measurements. In the event that a pleasant, decent working class individual is halted for speeding, the police may not capture the individual and let them off with a notice. In the event that an episode is excessively little or insignificant, it does not merit the effot of capturing somebody. Assault cases additionally go un-announced as ladies may think that its hard to admit to the disgrace and embarrassment of possessing to it to a policeperson. On the off chance that wrongdoing benefits the two gatherings, for instance, shakedown or medications exchange, this is probably not going to announced by either party. Official insights are valuable for the individuals who have no issue with their utilization and sociologists whose financial plans perhaps constrained. They have advantages, for example, being made promptly accessible, and being modest and in the open space, yet they can be liable to predisposition (how to sort jobless individuals changed multiple times in the eighties, with the number falling each time) and arrangements for use with governments may have been objectionalised distinctively to how a humanist would do as such.

Development Psycology Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Improvement Psycology - Research Paper Example They go to a position where they effectively complete their day by day exercises freely. Preschool kids (the individuals who are between 2 to 3 years of age) can put on and remove essential dress articles. They can oversee apparel with zippers and utilize basic devices like spoons. They do freely open entryways with door handles and string together dots in strings. As the youngsters crosses three years they would have the option to oversee apparel with catches and do comparative less entangled assignments that require fundamental engine aptitudes. They would have the option to utilize scissors to cut paper and draw straightforward pictures. They figure out how to hold pencil and create enthusiasm for drawing. When kids crosses the preschool age and arrives at the kindergarten age we can see an impressive increment in the fine engine abilities of youngsters. At their fourth age they age they will have the option to dress and disrobe themselves; effectively working catches and snares. Kindergarten kids are in this manner capable o control a fork. They become skillful enough to utilize scissors and cut and make formed pieces. Despite the fact that youngsters create at their won rate, most kids experience the ordinary improvement stages. The drawing aptitude of preschool youngsters would be extremely fundamental. They simply make fundamental scrawls when kindergartners can draw circles, crosses, square shapes and other reliable images. The imaginative motion of preschool youngsters and kindergartners shift impressively. At the point when the child is three years of age (preschool), he endeavors framing face shapes and by his fourth age he frames human shapes. As he advances in his fourth age he begins making human structures with legs and arms. Before long they begin to incorporate different pictures like houses, vessels, sun, mountain, trees and lakes in their photos. This demonstrates an impressive improvement in the pencil dealing with aptitudes which shows a ma jor advancement in the fine engine abilities. It is very critical to comprehend the degree of fine engine aptitudes of

Create a Marketing Mix for Frozen Pizzas Essay

an) Identify the showcasing objectives and destinations. I) Establish a steady client base. The primary objective we want to accomplish would be that we get a steady client base huge enough to give its own financing and furthermore give assets to other new items. We are likewise hoping to exploring different avenues regarding new items to expand our assortment with this client base. ii) Periodically improve items and change appearance. Besides, we trust that we would have the option to improve our product’s appearance, taste, esteem, and so on occasionally with the goal that the built up client base doesn't lose enthusiasm for the item. This will be helped by connecting client survey slips inside our items urging clients to fill in an input structure. iii) Achieve yearly development pace of 5% in deals each year. As new items will be acquainted from time with time, we are intending to accomplish an expansion of 5% in deals every year. With new items going to be presented, we would like to likewise build the benefit iv) To turn into the market head in nearby markets. We are additionally focusing to be the main maker and item for solidified pizza locally. We accept by continually expanding our assortment of our solidified pizzas which are high popular, we will have the option to command nearby markets for solidified pizzas. b) Identify and break down objective markets for these two items. Distinguishing and investigating objective markets before showcasing another item is a significant advance which associations much take before promoting their item. It is significant that an association initially recognize the appropriate markets to showcase their item to, at that point gather and break down the information about the business sectors. This will empower the association to pick an increasingly appropriate objective market and get ideal measure of advantages. The biggest portion of the business sectors would be the segment fragment. The segment portion comprises of individual subtleties, for example, age, sexual orientation, pay, instruction, etc. In light of the age fragments, we have discovered that solidified pizza is for the most part purchased by youngsters and youthful grown-ups. We have additionally discovered that solidified pizza is for the most part purchased by undergrads, college understudies and single working grown-ups. Other than that, there is likewise the psychographic portion. This section comprises of character, social class, way of life, etc. We have discovered that individuals who are less cognizant about their weight and wellbeing, are bound to purchase solidified pizza. Urban youth and youthful grown-ups are likewise bound to purchase solidified pizza. This is likely in light of the fact that when in a metropolitan region, life moves quicker and purchasing solidified pizza decreases times spent on getting ready food enormously, making more opportunity for different exercises. Finally would be the social section. This portion comprises of factors, for example, events, client status, client rate, etc. We have discovered that solidified pizza is a typical sight when going to local gatherings and off the cuff gatherings or social events. One reason solidified pizza is a most loved is on the grounds that it is anything but difficult to serve food to a lot of individuals without experiencing a long procedure of planning food. As an end, from this investigation, when advertising our two new items, we would have the option to grow increasingly explicit techniques to suit the requirements of the client and get the most elevated measure of benefit. c) Develop fitting promoting blend system. Promoting as indicated by advertisers is characterized as placing the correct item in the opportune spot, at the correct cost, at the perfect time. When advertising an item, advertisers utilize the 4P’s for their item before promoting it to abstain from committing errors when arranging showcasing systems for the item. The 4Ps of the advertising blend comprises of, Product, Price, Place and Promotion. This will assist Pizza With panning to have the option to suit the requirements of the clients better. The first ‘P’ of the 4Ps of the showcasing blend would be Product. The item would be Pizza Pan’s new item, Jumbo, Topping-Plus Frozen Pizza. Clients will pick this item when needing to have a fantastic dinner in a hurry or give a supper to a huge gathering with a short planning time. Clients will be devouring this item in their homes and even at parties. This solidified pizza will arrive in a container with an eye-getting plan which will be microwave-accommodating so clients will have a decision of microwaving their solidified pizza from the crate or placing it in a broiler. This pizza will be 14† in measurement and called the Pizza Pan Frozen Jumbo. This pizza will have some expertise in its size and liberal fixings. This Frozen Pizza will have the option to furnish the client with the most noteworthy measure of fulfillment in both taste and incentive for cash. The following ‘P’ during the 4Ps would be Place. This item will be places at general basic food item outlets in shopping centers and furthermore in urban regions. Clients will have the option to find it in the solidified merchandise area of markets. We will appropriate and selling our item legitimately to markets from the start to improve benefit. We will likewise be setting up stalls to advance our new item alongside tests and coupons for customers in the market to draw in them to purchase this item, this should empower us to get the focused on client base quicker. The third ‘P’ during the 4Ps speaks to Price. As we are concentrating on size in this item, our item should be the equivalent or less cost as our competitor’s yet present a bigger sum. As there are many different organizations selling solidified pizzas, value wars have been neck-to-neck. Rather than being the least expensive in value, we will value our pizza to such an extent that it is in the middle of our competitor’s costs so clients won't judge our item for being excessively modest and partner our item with low quality or partner our item with being excessively overrated. In conclusion would be Promotion. We are wanting to advance our item in TV, radio, film and bulletin promotions when 2 days after our item dispatch. We will likewise have our limited time stalls around shopping centers to welcome customers to attempt our item and furthermore hand out coupons to additionally convince them to purchase our item. We are planning to dispatch some place during summer as individuals are busiest and local gatherings are generally visit during these occasions. Also, less individuals are cognizant about their weight during this time and have just disregarded their new year’s goals. We trust that we can provide food the requirements of clients better when utilizing this blend. This advertising blend will likewise be changed occasionally to additionally take into account the requirements of clients and increment consumer loyalty, and increment overall revenues. d) Develop a fitting serious advertising procedure. While discharging another item into a market with existing contenders, advertisers need to utilize an alternate methodology when showcasing their item. Generally adopting an inappropriate strategy, new items attempting to rival more seasoned items with a built up client base isn't simple. Advertisers should depend on utilizing an unexpected methodology in comparison to the typical methodology. A portion of different brands that Pizza Pan’s biggest contenders when entering the market would be U.S Pizza, Dominos Pizza and Pizza Hut. These Pizza organizations have just settled their client base and a huge assortment of decisions. Be that as it may, since just being the three biggest pizza makers, they exploit clients by expanding their costs to considerably more than what their pizzas are worth. Pizza Pan can exploit this by giving clients an elective which has more an incentive for cash. Nonetheless, Pizza Pan must be mindful so as to not put a value which is unreasonably low, for clients have an inclination for picking an item which is progressively costly, relating its cost with quality.

Using current primary literature, discuss the aromatase-inhibiting Essay

Utilizing current essential writing, talk about the aromatase-hindering anticancer medications - Essay Example The paper will, at that point, proceed with a conversation of the atomic structures, restricting strategies, and comparing impacts of the aromatase inhibitors (AIs). The structure, capacity and restricting associations of the aromatase chemical are as yet being examined. Aromatase is a rate restricting catalyst in estrogen biosynthesis (Hong et al. 2009). It has a place with the monooxygenase family (especially, the cytochrome P450 group) of chemicals and catalyzes the biosynthesis of estrogen (explicitly, oestrone) from androstenedione, including a one of a kind arrangement of three responses that require O2 particles to create a fragrant ring structure inside the estrogen atom. The coupling attack of androstenedione to aromatase is tight in light of the fact that the aromatase catalyst isn't one of the indiscriminate chemicals †which have looser fits for the different substrate structures they tie (Waterman, 2009). To lead responses, aromatase requires an accomplice compound, NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase (Hong et al. 2009). Significant levels of aromatase protein articulation and compare estrogen in tissues assume a key job in increased tumor development. Obstructing this biosynthesis pathway is the basis behind the advancement of AIs (Pant and Dutta, 2008). The explanation that the vast majority of the turn of events and utilization of AI drugs have been for tumors of the bosom is that most bosom malignancy cases have up to multiple times the measure of estrogen found in the normal circulatory framework. It is imperative to take note of that aromatase action (and the development of oestrone) is progressively articulated in postmenopausal ladies, which is the reason most AIs are generally utilized for postmenopausal ladies with bosom malignancy (Waterman, 2009). The aromatase compound has likewise been recognized in endocrine tissues, (for example, ovary, uterus, prostate, and bone) and disease related with these tissues. Strikingly, the compound has likewise been seen as communicated in non-endocrine tissues, for example, liver, lung, and colon malignancies

How to Write a Psychology Essay

How to Write a Psychology Essay What is Psychology Essay? Need help with an academic essay about psychology? Don’t know how to choose essay topics for psychology writing assignments? Students write different types of papers in psychology classes: essays, research reports, literature reviews, lab reports. Writing in psychology, a social science that studies human behavior is meant to inform the reader about the new idea, scientific theory or experiment. It has certain tricky peculiarities so if you need some advice on how to write a psychology essay, keep on reading this article. First of all, you should keep in mind that writing in psychology is based on the following principles: You should use plain language. Psychology papers are examples of formal scientific writing style that is plain and straightforward. Your writings should be clear and concise. It’s essential to make connections between evidence based on experience, theories, and conclusions. Your reasoning should be based on evidence. Arguments in psychology are based on the empirical evidence and using opinions, narratives or personal examples is not appropriate. You should use APA format. Psychologists use APA format for publications and students should mostly use it too, although some instructors may give you some specific requirements. Although formatting requirements for your psychology essay may vary, your essay should usually include Title page â€" contains the title of the paper, the student’s name, the university’s name Abstract â€" gives a concise summary of the key points of your psychology research Introduction â€" introduces the topic, gives background information, defines the research question Body â€" provides an argument on your topic supported by convincing evidence Conclusion â€" summarizes your arguments and points to areas of possible future research References â€" has a list of sources cited in the text To make your writing process easier, here are some writing tips. You should star your essay by choosing a good topic which is specific enough for you to explore but that allows you to find sources of information. Start doing research on your topic as early as you can and create a preliminary list of sources that you may use for writing your essay. When writing your psychology essay, you should keep a careful track of the cited sources. Make sure that every source cited in your essay is included in the list on the references page. Prepare the rough draft of your essay and then revise and rewrite it several times. Write the final draft and proofread it to make sure that there are no typos, spelling and grammar mistakes or problems with APA format. Psychology is a complex science that has many unique and distinct branches so college students might be assigned to write essays in different branches of psychology, for example, an essay in cognitive psychology, a clinical psychology essay, a forensic psychology essay, and more. How to Write a Social Psychology Essay Social psychology studies how different people behave in real-world situations. When writing social psychology essay papers, you should keep in mind that social psychology is not a unified field of science. There are many different approaches such as traditional (also referred as mainstream or experimental) psychology, discursive psychology, critical social psychology, feminist social psychology, and more. All these branches approach the study of social processes and phenomena in different ways, use different methodologies and have influenced the traditional social psychological theories. A good essay on psychology will use information on these approaches, where it is appropriate (you should always make sure you answer the psychology essay questions) and discuss how they have influenced the understanding of the social processes that you investigate. It is vital to understand that when you are writing on social psychology essay topics, you will have to define the concept or phenomenon in question and explain the relevant theories and apply critical thinking to evaluate them. You should use evidence from your research to reveal their strengths and weaknesses. You should demonstrate a good knowledge of the key classic studies that are related to the development of the theory you are discussing in your essay, and show that you are aware of the topical debates in the field. That’s why you should include relevant contemporary research too. Sometimes, social psychology topics represent a mix of theory and basic and applied research. So, when writing an essay on social psychology, you should demonstrate that you are well aware of contemporary theories and can apply them to ‘real life’ scenarios. Psychology is not an easy subject â€" it requires a considerable amount of reading and study and writing in psychology might be challenging and time-consuming. If you feel that you cannot cope with your psychology essay on your own, you can hire a professional writer on our custom essay writing service and order a model essay on your topic. Our experienced writers are experts in their fields of studies so your custom essay in psychology will be strong in content, perfect in style, and error-free.

The Presidential Election and the Aftermath - Free Essay Example

The 1960 Election is one of the closest presidential elections in American history, and the winner did great things in office. John Fitzgerald Kennedy ran for the Democratic party, and Richard Milhous Nixon ran for the Republican party. This was an unprecedented election for a number of reasons, and there were many engaging facts about this election. Some of the information is very surprising and interesting. John Fitzgerald Kennedy was the democratic presidential candidate in the 1960 presidential election. John was born into an affluent family in Brookline, Massachusetts, on May 29, 1917. He was the second-oldest son of Rose and Joseph Kennedy and had eight other siblings. John was called Jack when he was growing up. He had serious health issues and had these problems for most of his life. John attended Harvard University for his college education and served in World War II as a lieutenant in the Navy after he graduated. While in the Navy, John’s ship was destroyed. He took his men to an island, and then swam out to try to find help. He was unsuccessful, but he went back to the island where they found some benign natives that helped rescue them. After World War II, John pursued a career in politics. He was in the House of Representatives from 1946 to 1952, and he became a Senator in 1952. He was becoming quite popular, and he was almost picked to run for Vice President in the 195 6 election. After this, he decided to run for the presidency in 1960. He started to campaign shortly afterwards. Unlike John Kennedy, Richard Milhous Nixon was born on January 9, 1913, into a poor family in Yorba Linda, California. Richard Nixon was the republican presidential candidate who would face Kennedy in the 1960 presidential election. Where Kennedy got his education at Harvard, Nixon attended Whittier College and then Duke University Law School. Similar to Kennedy, he also served in the Navy during World War II as an officer. Nixon also served in Congress like Kennedy. However, Richard Nixon had also served as Vice President under Dwight Eisenhower from 1952 to 1961. This led many to believe that Nixon was better fit for the presidency because he had more experience than Kennedy did. The 1960 Presidential Election was the first ever election to have televised debates. In fact, there was not only one debate, but four, which was an unprecedented number of debates for a presidential election in America. The first of these debates was on September 26, in Chicago, Illinois. The entire day, Nixon had been campaigning and was tired and sweaty. He was tired and recovering from the flu. He also refused to wear makeup. On the other hand, John Kennedy had an appealing, telegenic image. Kennedy wore a dark suit, which looked much better than Nixon’s gray suit. Kennedy also wore makeup and was taught how to sit and act during the debate. Trying to counter his lack of experience, Kennedy was very aggressive and talked about his time in Congress. Part of Kennedy’s opening statement was, â€Å"I don’t believe in big government, but I believe in effective government action.† This was an appealing statement to many Americans. Nixon said that the country struggled under Democrat Harry Truman, and that the Republican Dwight Eisenhower’s administration was much more successful. People that listened to the debate on the radio thought that it was about even, but people that saw the debate on television thought that Kennedy had easily won. The second and third debates were held on October 7 and October 13. The second debate was in Washington, D.C., and for the third Kennedy was in New York City and Nixon was in Hollywood. The main issue talked about in these two debates were two Taiwan-controlled islands off the coast of China. The question was whether the United States should try to defend these islands from Communism. Kennedy thought that the United States shouldn’t protect them, and that they shouldn’t go farther than Taiwan in the protection of countries from Communism. Nixon thought that the United States should defend the two islands. Nixon was much more aggressive and looked much better than he did in the first debate. For the third debate, Nixon rode and campaigned on Kennedy allowing the two islands to become Communist, and most of the debate was about these two islands. The fourth and final debate was held on October 21, in New York. This was a very important debate, as the race was very close at this point. This debate was mostly about Cuba and the Cold War. Kennedy wanted to support democratic anti-Castro forces that could help the United States overthrow Fidel Castro and Communism in Cuba. Many people agreed with Kennedy and thought that he looked better on the topic, so many people voted for Kennedy because of this issue. This was one of the closest election in the history of the United States. John Kennedy won, but only barely. Kennedy won the popular vote by about 117,000 votes, which was about 0.2%. The electoral vote was also won by Kennedy, who had 303 electoral votes, and Nixon only had 219. Nixon even won more states than Kennedy did, but Kennedy won the bigger states that are worth more electoral votes. Kennedy won for a multitude of reasons. People thought he looked much better than Nixon during the debates, and he was more professional. Historyhit.com says Kennedy was â€Å"equal in substance and superior in style† (Alex Browne, 2017). Many people thought that Kennedy’s lack of experience, health issues, and religion might impact his decisions as a president. Kennedy constantly countered these claims, saying that they wouldn’t alter his decisions. In the south, many people voted for Kennedy because of his running mate, Lyndon B. Johnson. Johnson was from Texas, and Texas was a key state that helped Kennedy win the electoral vote. Kennedy used his wealth to have an expensive campaign, which made his campaign look more professional and better than Nixon, who had a much smaller budget. Nixon also faced criticism over what he did as a vice president. Dwight Eisenhower was asked what his vice president accomplished in office, and Eisenhower said, â€Å"If you give me a week I might think of one.† This casted a bad image on Nixon, which helped Kennedy appeal to voters. After the election, many Nixon supporters questioned whether Kennedy had won some major states such as Texas and Illinois legally. Many wanted Nixon to investigate this, but Nixon said that it would look bad for the United States. However, Nixon still became president from 1969 to 1974, after Lyndon B. Johnson. He was the thirty-seventh president of the United States. On August 9, 1974, Nixon resigned because of the watergate scandal. His political career was now officially over. John Fitzgerald Kennedy becoming president brought a lot of firsts to the presidency. Kennedy was the first president who was catholic. During his campaign, he claimed he would not be a Catholic president, but a president who was Catholic. His campaigning obviously worked, as he became president. Kennedy was also the youngest president to ever be elected. However, he was the second-youngest president to serve, only slightly older than Theodore Roosevelt. When he started serving as president, he was forty-three years old. Kennedy became the first president born in the twentieth century. The previous president, Dwight Eisenhower, was born in 1890. Upon becoming president, John and his wife Jackie became the most popular couple in the country. They were glamorous together. Jackie Kennedy was something similar to a model, and was often featured on the cover on fashion magazines. If Jackie did something with her hair, or wore a new outfit, everybody changed their hair or wore that outfit. Everybody had to wear and do what Jackie was wearing and doing. One of Jackie Kennedy’s most famous outfits is a pink suit, a pink pillbox hat, and white gloves. Seeing this outfit automatically makes people think of Jackie Kennedy, especially the white gloves. Jackie Kennedy even wore this outfit the day her husband was shot and killed. John Kennedy was in a difficult position. Half of America had voted for him, but half had not wanted him to become president. Despite this, Kennedy’s inaugural address is very famous and inspiring. One of Kennedy’s greatest attributes was his ability to inspire people. Arguably Kennedy’s most inspiring quote was during his inaugural address, when he said, â€Å"Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country.† Kennedy brought a more modern and young touch to the presidency. Although Kennedy was very well liked, the CIA did not like Kennedy after he criticized them because of the bay of pigs debacle. In office, Kennedy had many great accomplishments. One of these is preventing starting nuclear war with the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union was housing nuclear missiles in Cuba, where they could easily launch them on the United States. The United States also had missiles in Turkey and Italy, where they could attack the Soviet Union. Kennedy’s advisors told him to attack Cuba immediately, but Kennedy decided to be patient and withhold an attack. Instead, he put a quarantine around the island so that Soviet ships couldn’t get to Cuba. For thirteen days, the United States and the Soviet Union almost started a nuclear war. Finally, Soviet Union Premier Nikita Khrushchev finally turned around his ships and removed the missiles. The United States also removed their missiles. A nuclear war had been avoided. Another issue involving the Soviet Union was the space race. The Soviets were the first country to have a satellite and a man in space, and Kennedy wanted to catch up. His goal was to have a man land on the moon before 1970. One of his most famous quotes is, â€Å"We choose to go to the moon in this decade and do the other things, not because they are easy, but because they are hard.† This inspired NASA to start being more active. They started to recruit more and design bigger rockets. NASA also launched the Apollo, Mercury, and Gemini space programs. Kennedy’s words eventually led to Apollo 11 in 1969, which contained the first man on the moon. Kennedy was a supporter of civil rights, but he thought that he would lose the support of the southern states if he expressed his opinion. He decided to steer clear of this issue and avoid it for as long as possible. His vice president, Lyndon B. Johnson, was a huge civil rights advocate. When riots started at Mississippi University, Kennedy knew he needed to take action, and he sent troops to the university. On June 11, 1963, Kennedy made a televised address to the nation. He proposed a new civil rights bill to Congress, and made his opinion clear that he supported civil rights. After this, he knew he needed to make civil rights a priority in his future years as president. As you can see, the 1960 Presidential Election was important for a multitude of reasons. It was also very close, and as little as two states going to the opposite person would have changed the outcome. Even though Kennedy won, Nixon still had lots of supporters, as he became president in future years. This shows that the election contained two very well liked politicians who people thought could help America. The 1960 Election is and always will be one of the most famous elections in American history.

The Government Should Limit The Public Access - 1315 Words

Today in our society, the United States government has full access to every citizen’s personal information. This information ranges from our names, phone numbers, addresses, and even our Social Security number. While some of our information should be private, a lot of it is accessible to the public. In fact, our personal information is so public that even a complete stranger that lives one hundred miles away can type your name in and find out where we live and contact us via email and by telephone. While the government has the right to have access to this information, they shouldn’t release this type of information to the public. The government should limit the public access to our personal information in order to satisfy and protect our privacy, ourselves, and our piece of mind. In the year 2015 there is no such thing as privacy. All you have to do is type in someone’s name and all of their information is available in plain sight for heavy scrutiny. There are many of websites such as â€Å"peoplesmart.com† and â€Å"ancestry.com† that broadcasts millions of citizens’ information starting from your birth date, your birth certificate, your current address, your past address, and even your death certificate. Next thing you know a person that you’ve never met before comes out of nowhere reciting your whole life story. This much information shouldn’t be made available to the public. It’s understandable that some people might use the website â€Å"Ancestry.com† to find out more about theirShow MoreRelatedEssay Freedom of information indonesia1492 Words   |  6 PagesPROPOSITION ON THE PUBLIC FREEDOM OF INFORMATION OF INDONESIA By: Adistra Kusuma Waligalit, Faculty of Law of Gadjah Mada University This study identified several Legal defects regarding the Act on Public Freedom of Information of Indonesia. These legal defects will be explained along with the reccomendations of remedy as below. INTRODUCTION After experiencing a difficult time in New Order era (1966-1998), when the civil rights to freely obtain information had been abused by the government at that timeRead MoreThe Right to Bear Arms Should Not Be Altered by the Government1157 Words   |  5 Pagesthe advancements in weapon technology many people believe stricter gun laws should be put in place. Along with the technology advancements there are events such as Sandy Hook and other public mass shootings that cause many people to either want guns limited or gone all together. Their points are valid but the ones like me who disagree with gun control have many valid points themselves. But our right to own weapons should not be limited or altered. Ever since the invention of the first gun thereRead MoreAirports Continue to See Major Changes in Security Due to September 11854 Words   |  4 Pages11, 2001 terrorist attack, airport security has received considerable attention from the government as well expect in the aviation industry. The damages that transpired following the attack have remained fresh in the minds of peace loving citizens. In fact, security has become everybody’s business because a security lapse in the aviation industry paralyzes various sector of the economy. Today, the government has encouraged redesigning of the airport with much consideration given to security. TheRead MoreThe President and Internet Traffick996 Words   |  4 PagesPresident of the United States to have the authority to limit or shutdown internet traffic to and from any compromised federal government or U.S. critical infrastructure information system or network? Why or why not? Yes and no. For the general public, I don’t think limiting the internet would be a wise idea. Our country was founded on freedom, and to infringe upon that would cause civil unrest. Frankly, the general public would assume that the government was up to something nefarious, even if they wereRead MoreHow Does Cap And Trade System Work?1224 Words   |  5 Pagescompliance period, for all the sources under that particular program. The cap puts a limit on gas emissions which from time to time is lowered to reduce and control the amount of toxins released by pollutants into the atmosphere. The trade, on the other hand, builds a ready market for carbon permits helping industries and companies and factories to innovate so that they can meet their allocated emission limit. The more these factories emit the more they pay and vice-versa. This therefore actsRead MoreThe Free Exercise Of Religion Essay1256 Words   |  6 Pagesassault by the government, state officials and communities. One example, of how a government in school district, many students are able to express themselves through what they wear to school, students and teachers are free to speak their minds on public school grounds. They can even wear T-shirts with messages, dye their hair funky colors, and wear jewelry or buttons that make a social statement. But, even with First Amendment protection guaranteed by the U.S. Constitution, there are limits in the schoolRead More Prevent Internet Censorship, Save Freedom of Speech Essay1293 Words   |  6 Pagescan perform all the necessary tasks in their lives. However, the negative aspects of the internet have been recently brought into the public eye. Social Networks such as Facebook and Twitter along with other popularly accessed websites such as Reddit, 4Chan, and Pinterest have become the subject of critique after a whirl of internet controversy arose. Public scrutiny of many popularly viewed sites has resulted in the call for restrictions in order to prevent the harmful aspects of the internetRead MoreTechnology In 1984 Essay1427 Words   |  6 Pageseighty-four. Published in 1949, a novel containing the main character, Winston Smith and his everyday struggle to survive in a totalitarian government. In the novel, George Orwell describes the atmosphere of London, England using 3rd person limited. One of the ways he vividly describes the atmosphere of the current time is through the use of technology. The government managed to manipulate London’s population through technologies such as, telescreens, cameras, microphones, and the â€Å"thought police†. WhenRead MoreThe Issue Of The Second Amendment1035 Words   |  5 PagesYou Can Have My Gun When You Pry It from My Cold Dead Hands Those that oppose upholding the Second Amendment should consider the following scenario: It is the middle of the night, an armed intruder breaks into a home in a well-lit residential neighborhood; the intruder knows the home owners are home, and despite this knowledge, illegally enters the home. The father, awakened by the noise, listens for a second and realizes that someone has broken into his home. Concerned for the safety of his familyRead MoreThe Implications Of Internet Surveillance On Today s Society1444 Words   |  6 Pagespolicies to exist to limit outright violations of privacy. In current American society, the concept of data collection and monitoring is ever-present, leading one to agree that we live in a surveillance society. Tamara Dinev’s article, Internet Users’ Beliefs about Government Surveillance – The Role of Social Awareness and Internet Literacy, defines internet surveillance as: â€Å"Historically, the concept of surveillance is often associated with activities carried out by government agencies. However,

Motherhood in The Glass Menagerie and A Raisin in the Sun...

Motherhood in The Glass Menagerie and A Raisin in the Sun I have read the two plays, The Glass Menagerie by Tennessee Williams and A Raisin in the Sun by Lorraine Hansberry, both of have a big impact on me. The two plays circle around the family values that convey the character of motherhood where mothers have to have a responsibility to raise, to provide their best and to sacrifice for their children. In these two plays, even expressing differently, mothers all show love to their children; they all want their children to have a happy life. Somehow, each mother treats their children different way, but they have only one purpose: to show love to their children. As I experience throughout the two plays: Amanda, Tom and Laura in The†¦show more content†¦Because she knows that Tom is not a strong man. In another word to say, Amanda is selfish and hypocrite. In return, Mrs. Young is a wonderful mother; she has suffered and sacrificed for her children. She always explains and lesson to her children instead of making them feel guilty. Th e Young family starts running into problems when Mrs. Young (Mama) receives about ten thousand dollars from life insurance of her husband. With a poor family likes Young, ten thousand dollars is really a dream, it is a huge amount of money that they could never get for all of their life. The children start fighting over the money; every one has his/her own reason to use that money. Mama must figures out how to keep the family in peace and together. Mama deeply believes in God and lives her life in cultural and ethnic pride. She usually talks about how her generation has won its freedom and proud to be able no longer be slaves. At the end of the play, even she failed to convince Walter not to put the money in the liquor store but she made her commitment, she has what she has fought for all of her life, her family now all together in love, happiness and forgiveness. Tom, a son of Amanda, a poet, with no backbone gets a job in a warehouse and does not have any plan for his career. He i s trapped by his mother and has suffered from that. However, Tom is curious about how he

The 200 Year Old Man - 1167 Words

The 200-Year-Old Man: How Nathaniel Hawthorne Maintained a 17th Century Puritan Allegory Nathaniel Hawthorne, born â€Å"Nathaniel Hathorne† until he added a â€Å"w† to his birth name years later, was a prominent American Novelist that lived during the 19th century. Hawthorne was considered a dark romantic, and often â€Å"undertook the mission of exploring the darker side of humanity† in his short stories and novels. (Wright 3) Hawthorne descended from an ancestry tracing back many generations full of devout Puritans. Puritans maintained a unique perception of the natural world; â€Å"His forefathers’ concept of wilderness was an important part of their religious life, and in many of Hawthorne’s tales, nature can be perceived as an active agent for both†¦show more content†¦An elder, gravely-injured man named Roger Malvin, and his younger, less severely injured counterpart Reuben Bourne, are halted on their retreat as Malvin is too weak to continue towards civilization. Bourne is forced to desert Malvin, abandoning him below a â€Å"mass of granite, rearing its smooth, flat surface, fifteen or twenty feet above their heads†¦a gigantic grave-stone, upon which the veins seemed to form an inscription in forgotten characters.†(Hawthorne) The large stone over the two men â€Å"has often been assumed to represent the stone tablets of the Old Testament.† (Wright 201). Nearing the conclusion of the story, the now husband of Malvin’s daughter Dorcas and father of one, Bourne sets out on a hunting trip with his son Cyrus. Bourne, following a rustling of leaves in a nearby thicket, blindly fires his rifle into the brush in hopes of killing a deer. Dorcas hurries eagerly towards the sound of the gunshot in hopes of finding Cyrus has downed his first deer, but instead stumbles upon her husband standing over the lifeless corpse of her son. The thicket is a symbol of deception, introduced by the devil to trick Bourne. In April of 1835, three years following the publishing of â€Å"Roger Malvin’s Burial,† Hawthorne publishes â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† another piece that bursts at the seams with symbols of Puritan culture. The story follows a young man named Goodman Brown, who is journeying into the forest late one evening. Upon leaving his wife,Show MoreRelatedAggressive Driving Essay 21096 Words   |  5 Pagesaggressive driving though. In Atlanta, Georgia a two year old toddler was shot through the neck by an irate motorist engaged in an argument over a road incident with the toddler’s father (The Atlantic Journal amp; Constitution, 30 June 2000). In Denver, Colorado a 51 year-old man used a .25 caliber semi-automatic pistol to kill a 32 year-old bicyclist who cut him off on the road (The Denver Post, 21 June 2000). In Florida, a 41 year-old man who pulled into an exact change lane at a toll boothRead MoreKongen1061 Words   |  5 Pages Happy Birthday, 1951 is a short story by Kurt Vonnegut. The main characters in the short story are a man and a boy. We are told that a refugee woman left her baby by the old man and then she never came back - Thats how the man got the boy. The man doesnt know something about the boy and thats why they are choosing a day to celebrate the boys birthday. As a birthday present the man wants to take the boy to a place without war. On their way to the place, they talk about the color of differentRead MoreNursing Home Abuse Essay1084 Words   |  5 Pageswhat is probably most thought of is physical abuse. It was reported that for elderly women with a disability, out of a sample of 200, 67% of them had experienced physical abuse, (National Center on Elder Abuse(NCEA), 2011, p. 2) The same study said that out 342 men, 55% of them claimed they had been physically abused. Also, from the same study, it reported that out of the 200 women 53% had experienced sexual abuse. A form of abuse that is not is heard of is when a resident is not properly supervisedRead MoreUnmanned Missions For Future Manned Missions844 Words   |  4 Pagesa. Cultural impact b. Mars 2020 â€Æ' I. Introduction Since the moment man became self-aware, he looked up in the night sky and basked in the splendor of the stars and felt, what could only be described as, pure fear and loneliness. It is natural for man to fear what he does not understand, but what of loneliness? Under the twinkling of the stars, man has always wondered and thought to himself, â€Å"Are we alone?† It is an age-old question that often captures the imagination of people around the worldRead MoreNot Protecting the Right of Homosexual Marriage Endangers the Rights of Others1173 Words   |  5 Pagesno one true concrete definition; but instead much diversity, which America has depended on and built from for over a 1000 years. There are at least 1,049 current reasons to accept and grant homosexual marriage in the United States, so why has not anything changed? It was George Bancroft who said, The fears of one class of men are not the measure of the rights of another, (200) after all. By forming laws to regulate ones love for another, the message that is being sent to society is that it isRead More American Freedom - No Greater Gift Essay1431 Words   |  6 Pageslone man stands respectfully next to a small, almost insignificant grave stone. His head hangs slightly bowed, and except for the small hunch in his back, he stands at perfect attention. Unnoticed by the swirling city around him, he slowly removes his cap and looks out across the hill before him. His gaze sweeps over the expansive garden of marble and granite. Millions of white headstones grace the green hillsides, most of them appearing small and humble. Every so often, however, the man seesRead MoreNew and Old World Archaeology Essay1520 Words   |  7 PagesNEW AND OLD WORLD ARCHAEOLOGY Artifacts of the old and new world have some likeness but also have many differences. I made a visit to the Cobb Museum at Mississippi State University to analyze this for myself. When down there, I saw pottery, writing, tools, jewelry, and many other things from each world. I then found ten artifacts of each period that was listed in the back of my workbook on the spreadsheets and wrote descriptions of them. For the new Old World, I described the Moabite stone, SarcophagusRead MoreThe Locker Room At The Tennis Academy1507 Words   |  7 Pages Infinite Jest page 100-200 starts out with Hal Incandenza and his friends in the locker room at the tennis academy. They talk about miscellaneous topics, but most is just usual stuff that teenage boys talk about. Although, one theme that I find in their conversations is unhappiness. Most of the boys seem exhausted, worn out, and just sick of being there. They go to the cartridge viewer room and start to question why they are even there, because the players on the viewers do not look too happy eitherRead MoreHuman Trafficking Oratory817 Words   |  4 Pages She doesn’t worry about the middle aged man staring her down from across the floor, she doesn’t worry about the way he and his â€Å"wife† seem a little too interested in the life of a 17 year old girl. She gets a little suspicious when the man, Richard was his name, comes back a few weeks later declaring that he divorced his wife and he wanted to party with Brianna. Like an intelligent girl she turns him do wn. Soon after her 18th birthday, she meets a man named Nick. He’s rich and Brianna falls preyRead MoreThe Crimes Of The Criminal Justice System968 Words   |  4 Pageswhich has allowed for minors to unintentionally victimize themselves. In one scenario, a 12-year-old girl met a 12-year-old boy online and thought he relationship started out innocent, the relationship became more provocative and nude pictures were requested by the boy (Broughton, 200). The issue is that the 12-year-old boy was actually a 27-year-old man that coerced a girl into victimizing herself (Broughton, 200).

Descriptive Essay Fit And Healthy - 1504 Words

Fit. Healthy. These words may mean different things to different people. Actually, I am sure that they do, as well all have our own frames of reference. Here s what I m referring to here in the context of this article. Fit and healthy means having the physical ability to do the things you want to do without getting out of breath. It means being able to open a heavy door, carry bags of groceries, go up and down stairs. (By the way-this is the definition according to Erin-this is not Webster s by any stretch of the imagination.) It means being able to play with your kids-really play with them, not lie down on the floor and let them climb on you because you don t have the energy or ability to do anything else. It is the ability to live your life and do what you want to do, without self-imposed, changeable physical limitations. Are we straight? OK, here we go! 1-I have to exercise a lot. This is not true. Actually, I should clarify. It depends on what you call a lot. If 30 minutes daily or at least 6 times a week is a lot, then maybe yes. However, you do not have to do all structured exercise-meaning going to the gym, lifting weights, or doing cardio. It can be activity-take the dog for a walk, throw the football, play frisbee, whatever. The most important thing is to get off your duff and move. Don t sit when you can stand, don t stand when you can walk. Get up and walk around the house or office every 20-30 minutes. Go window shop. Clean the house-talk aboutShow MoreRelatedIs Cooking Really Freedom in Jim Sollisch’s Article,751 Words   |  3 Pagesestablishing a personal connection. Sollisch’s article is found on the New York Times website in the Private Lives section on the Opinion Pages. Private Lives is a section for personal essays about real people’s lives and problems they may have encountered. This explains Sollisch’s subject choice and why this is mainly an opinion essay. He starts off with a personal story of how he first came upon the art of cooking (Sollisch, â€Å"Cooking Is Freedom†). He tops off his anecdote with similes such as when he describesRead MoreThe Role Of Lifestyle On Influencing Our Health1241 Words   |  5 PagesThis essay will talk about the role lifestyle plays on influencing our health and in the development of diseases. It will include in it what health is, lifestyle epidemiology going into the details of 3 illnesses in details. WHAT IS HEALTH The World Health Organisation (WHO) defined health as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of diseases or infirmity. It is a positive concept focusing on social and personal resources as we as physical strengthRead MoreDulce Et Decorum Est Analysis Essays1122 Words   |  5 Pages‘Dulce Et Decorum Est’ Essay For years, war and the honour of war has been built up and glorified unfairly by the media in cartoons, movies, games, news and even songs as well as warmongers trying to cash in on unsuspecting and gullible young men who want to be recognized as heroes. Wilfred Owen, who had served in World War 1 and died while defending his country age 25, wrote the poem ‘Dulce Et Decorum Est’ as an attempt to dismantle the unrealistic expectations about war that boys who are ‘ardentRead MoreIslamic and Christianity Essay13431 Words   |  54 Pagesprocess for this examination begins and at least one more time before the final scores for the examination are recorded. Contents of the Rating Guide For Part III A Scaffold (open-ended) questions: †¢ A question-specific rubric For Part III B (DBQ) essay: †¢ A content-specific rubric †¢ Prescored answer papers. Score levels 5 and 1 have two papers each, and score levels 4, 3, and 2 have three papers each. They are ordered by score level from high to low. †¢ Commentary explaining the specific score awardedRead More Explanation, Understanding, and Subjectivity Essay3357 Words   |  14 Pagespropositions relevant to an event E such that nearly all of the very many psychologically healthy, intelligent, well-educated adults who think about it claim to gain an increased level of understanding of why E occurred. What reason could there be for denying that this account is at least a potential explanation of E? What good reason might one have for insisting that the account is merely a set of descriptive propositions somehow relevant to E? I can think of none. 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Students must begin to understand the difference between right and wrong, as well as be respectful of others and learn how to form healthy relationships. In order for children to gain respect for each of their peers, differences and unique qualitiesRead MoreCultural Relativism And Its Impact On Society Essay1867 Words   |  8 Pagesideas. In this essay I will argue that even though culture has some influence when considering ones actions, there are some cases where cultural considerations make no difference in whether an action is moral or not. Thus I will argue for the existence of an objective universal standard of morality independent of human culture. This will be in contrast to the theory of cultural relativism which states that all morality is determined by cultural norms. In the first part of this essay I will examineRead MoreEqual Opportunities2061 Words   |  9 PagesIn this essay I am going to explain the term † equal opportunities† in relation to early years practice. 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Neo-Liberal Hyperglobalism Free Essays

Globalisation is a major topic of debate of our era. Globalisation can be defined as the â€Å"global growing interconnectedness between economy, technology, culture and political institutions† (Lofgren Sarangi, 2009, pg. 57). We will write a custom essay sample on Neo-Liberal Hyperglobalism or any similar topic only for you Order Now This essay will discuss how globalisation can be good for developing countries. By applying Neo-liberal Hyperglobalism, I will analyse and demonstrate the various beneficial effects of globalisation through the case of India and the reform measures they have recently taken towards globalisation. Globalisation can provide new opportunities for developing countries due to increased access to developed country markets and technology, resulting in improved productivity and higher living standards (Balakrishnan, 2004). Following a major economic crises, India liberalised it’s economy in the early nineties. Inflation had rocketed to an annual rate of 17%, high fiscal deficit had become unsustainable and foreign investors confidence in Indian Economy was low (Goyal, 2006, p. 167). It was these factors that put pressure on the Indian government to call for a complete revamp of their economic policies. Some of the major changes made, as part of the economic liberalisation and globalisation strategy, included government’s privatisation and disinvestment in a majority of the public sector undertakings, allowing foreign direct investment (FDI) across many industries, the removal of quantitative restrictions on imports and the reduction of customs tariff from over 300% to 30 % (Goyal, 2006, p. 167). The main purpose of India’s economic reform is to ultimately â€Å"integrate Indian economy with world economy† (Singh, 1995, p. 36). This liberalisation and globalisation of the economy can help solve India’s major problems of unemployment and poverty. India’s economic reform favours a more open and market orientated economy (Goyal, 2006, p. 166). India’s new economic structure emulates the principals of neo-liberal Hyperglobalism. Neo-liberal Hyperglobalism â€Å"celebrates the global dominance of market principals over state power† (Lofgren Sarangi, 2009, pg. 70). This means that decisions about allocation, production and distribution in the economy are left to the global economy rather than the government. Burke, Devetak George, 2008, p. 299). States are increasingly the ‘decision- takers’ and not the ‘decision-makers’ (Goldblatt, Held, McGrew Perraton, 1999). Three key terms that come out of neoliberalism are deregulation, liberalisation and privatisation all of which India’s new economic policies draw on. Neo-liberal Hyperglobalism favours global ism as beneficial process for a developing country. The benefits that Neo-liberal Hyperglobalism can provide are evident in India. India’s steps towards globalisation through new economic reforms have produced some significant benefits for the country. The privatisation of particular state-owned enterprises provides the government with an increased amount of cash which they can then spend on increasing their citizen’s quality of life through increased food supplies and the development of hospitals, schools, infrastructure etc in poverty stricken regions. The domestic economy has been freed up from state control, virtually abolishing state monopoly in all sectors (Panagariya, 2001). This has lead to greater competition in industries; resulting in lower prices, a greater supply of goods which benefits the citizens (Goyal, 2006, p. 68). Another step towards globalisation that has proven beneficial for India is the decision to allow foreign direct investment in the Indian industry. The huge amounts of foreign investment that now enter India have significantly boosted the country’s economy. Many foreign companies have set up industries in India, mainly in pharmaceutical, BPO, petroleum, manufacturing and chemical sectors, which have created greater employment opportunities for Indian people, decreasing unemployment and poverty (Dwivedi, 2009). A further benefit of globalisation due to foreign investment in India is the advanced technology that the foreign companies bring with them (Dwivedi, 2009). Advancements in medicine which improve the health of citizens is an example how becoming more technologically advanced can be beneficial for the country. The economic reforms that reduce custom tariffs and remove restrictions on imports support the principals of neo-liberal Hyperglobalism. That is that measures should be taken that allow trade and finance to have unrestricted movement (Burke et. al. , 2010). Removing taxes and quotas can increase international trade which in turn increases economic competition. Competition was rife in the economy, after India’s economic reform, as more imports were encouraged (Balakrishnan, 2004). Exports also significantly increased as countries became more willing to accept India’s products due to the reductions in custom tariffs (Goyal, 2006, p. 170). This improved relationship between India and its trading partners can encourage low prices, reduce unemployment through the creation of more jobs and induce improved living standards. Improved relationships between developed and undeveloped economies can prove to be profitable and extremely valuable for developing countries especially when future policies have to be negotiated. Overall, the economic reforms initiated in India since 1991 has helped the Indian economy to grow at a faster rate and led to fiscal consolidation, control of inflation, and increased foreign investment and technology (Goyal, 2006). The reforms aimed to lliberalise and globalise the domestic economy have helped boost GDP growth rates, which increased from 5. 6% in 1990-91 to a peak level of 77. % in 1996-97 (Balakrishnan, 2004). The new economic policies have also proven to increase citizen’s living standards with increased employment opportunities and a decrease in poverty from 36% in 1993-94 to 26. 1% in 1999-2000 (Fox, 2002). The new policies can be used to further support the country’s citizens and develop the country. The Indian government’s strategy to globalise t heir economy has revealed that globalisation can be beneficial to a developing country by aiding the nation to a more favourable financial position. However, there are also negative effects of globalisation. A significant negative effect is the increase in inequality that can arise from globalisation. There have been arguments that state an increase in GDP can in fact increase income inequality. â€Å"Wealth is still concentrated in the hands of a few individuals and a common man in a developing country is yet to see any major benefits of globalization† (Lovekar, 2010). Also multi-national corporations (MNC) can worsen income inequality by generating jobs and producing goods that primarily benefit the richest portion of the population (Positive and Negative Effects of Multinational Corporations, 2010). This means that the richer are getting richer and the poorer are getting poorer. Many employees are working in awful conditions where negligible health and safety regulations apply. This is an example of globalisation can develop an exploitative nature. Furthermore, â€Å"the market economy seems to be more concentrated on the growth of consumerism to attract the high income groups who are mostly in the cities in the developing countries† (Malik, 2010, p. 4). The globalisation strategy paid little attention to the rural economy and the agricultural sector, which is essentially the backbone of the Indian economy. The agriculture sector is a major provider of food and nutrition to the people as well as raw materials to industries and to export trade (Malik, 2010). A further impact the globalisation strategy has had on agriculture sector is the decrease of agriculture’s share in GDP, which has resulted in a decrease of the per capita income of the farmers and an increase of rural indebtedness (Malik, 2010). India’s era of reforms exhibit many themes that are parallel those of Neo-liberal Hyperglobalism. Since 1991, India has experienced the strong inroad of neoliberalism (Lofgren Sarangi, 2009). The new economic reforms indicate a strong movement towards deregulation, privitisation and liberalisation of the Indian economy. These three factors are all examples of neoliberalism (Burke et. al. , 2010). A neo-liberal hyperglobalist state would believe that rather than the government trying to regulate and control the market through strict policies, the government should make policies to accommodate and open up the market. India’s new policies indicate the government’s willingness to adopt this thinking and it is through this thinking that has marked India’s steps towards the â€Å"real integration of the Indian economy into the global economy† (Malik, 2010, p. 1). In other words India is taking steps towards globalisation. India is an example of how the globalisation of a developing country can be positive and beneficial. Although there are some unfavourable effects such as income inequality, the overall benefits a developing country can receive from globalisation outweigh the negatives. India has proved how applying neo-liberal hyperglobalist principals to the domestic economy of a country can prove to be advantageous. With a greater focus on further developing a globalised economy, developing countries can aim to increase the working and living standards for the country’s citizens and subsequently become a healthy and wealthier state. A more liberal and global market can achieve improved living standards and wealth through the promotion of competition, efficiency, productivity, technological-upgradation and growth (Singh, 1995). Hence I believe, like a hyperglobalist, that globalisation is good for a developing country. References Balakrishnan, C. (2004). Impact of Globalisation on Developing Countries and India. Retrieved October 10, 2010, from http://economics. about. com/od/globalizationtrade/l/aaglobalization. htm Burke, A. , Devetak, R. , George, J. (2008). An Introduction to International Relations: Australian Perspective. New York: Cambridge University Press. Dwivedi, M. (2009). South Asia Security. India: Kalpaz Publications. Fox, J. W. (2002). Poverty in India Since 1974: A Country Case Study. Retrieved October 10, 2010, from http://www. ekh. lu. se/ekhcgu/teaching/401d4/poverty%20in%20india. pdf Goldblatt, D. , Held, D. , McGrew, A. , Perraton, J. (1999). Global Transformations: What is globalisation? Retrieved October 11, 2010, from http://www. polity. co. uk/global/whatisglobalization. asp Goyal, K. A. (2006). Impact of Globalization on Developing Countries (With Special Reference To India). International Research Journal of Finance and Economics, (5), 1450-2887. Retrieved October 10, 2010, from http://www. eurojournals. com/IRJFE%206%20goyal. pdf Lofgren, H. , Sarangi, P. (2009). The Politics and Culture of Globalisation: India and Australia. Social Science Press. Lovekar, V. (2010). Advantages and Disadvantages of Globalization. Retrieved October 11, 2010, from http://www. buzzle. com/articles/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-globalization. html Malik, T. (2010). Impact of globalization on Indian economy- An overview. Retrieved October 10, 2010, from http://www. ibre2fashion. com/industry-article/8/738/impact-of-globalization7. asp Panagariya, A. (2001). India’s Economic Reforms: What Has Been Accomplished? What Remains to Be Done? ERD POLICY BRIEF SERIES Economics and Research Department,(2). Retrieved October 10, 2010, from http://www. adb. org/Documents/EDRC/Policy_Briefs/PB002. pdf Positive and Negative Effects of Multinational Corporations. (2010). Retrieved October 11, 2010, from http://www. socialscience. gardner-webb. edu/Fac ulty/craymond/Devdocs/DevMNCposn How to cite Neo-Liberal Hyperglobalism, Papers

Free Sample Solution on Introduction To Algorithms- My Assignment Help

Question: Discuss ? Use the Library and other resources to research divide-and-conquer sorting algorithms and how they compare to standard sorting algorithms? Answer: Introduction Two selected sorting algorithms based on divide and conquer technique are, quick sort and merge sort. Another sorting algorithm based on standard technique is bubble sort. In the following sections there will be discussions on three of these algorithms along with comparison between the algorithms based on divide and conquer technique and the algorithm based on standard technique. The comparison will reveal the differences between the performances of the algorithm, if there is any. Quick Sort Quick sort is a divide and conquer based sorting algorithm that is widely used. For an array of n elements, quick sort algorithm will work in the following way, It will pick the pivot element p from the array. Based on the selection of the pivot element the array will be divided into three sub arrays, The pivot element p itself. All elements that are less than p are in sub array 1. All elements that are larger than p are in sub array 2. Then the above steps will be repeated recursively for both of the sub arrays. In this way, in each iteration the selected pivot element will get its right place in the sorted array. Selection of the pivot element is very important for the time complexity of the quicksort algorithm. This is an in place sorting algorithm. As, the algorithm does three basic operation in each iteration, one partitioning and two recursive calls. Partitioning step has time complexity, (n). Hence, for an array with n elements, the time complexity will be, (Cormen, Leiserson, Rivest, Stein, 2011) T(n) = (n) + T(i) + T(n 1- i) here, i is the size of the sub array 1 after partitioning. For initial conditions, T(0) = T(1) = 1. Now, the time complexities for best, average and worst cases are, Best Case Average Case Worst Case The median element is selected as the pivot element in each case. Hence, for an array with n elements, T(n) = (n) + 2T(n/2) = (nlogn) On average the time complexity of quick sort is also (nlogn).(MIT, 2015) The smallest or the largest element of the array has been selected as pivot element in each iteration. Hence, each time there will be one empty sub array and another sub array with one element less from the parent array. Hence, T(n) = (n) + T(n-1) = (n2) Merge Sort Merge sort is another divide and conquer based sorting algorithm that works in the following way, Given an unsorted list or array of n elements, the algorithm divides it recursively into n number of sub lists or sub array. In each iteration a sub list is broken down into halves. Then, the algorithm merges the sub lists repeatedly into sorted sub lists until there is only a single sorted sub list of n elements. The time complexity is, T(n) = 2T(n/2) + (n). Here, (n) is for merging of the n sub lists. Now, Best Case Average Case Worst Case This is (nlogn) Average case running time of merge sort is (nlogn) (Sedgewick Wayne, 2011) When two of the largest values are in two different sub lists. The worst case running time of merge sort is (nlogn). Bubble Sort In bubble sort, given an array of n elements, each element is compared with adjacent element to decide whether it is greater than, less than or same. Then two elements can be swapped based on the comparison. In each iteration, the largest element of the array will be pushed towards the end. The time complexity will be O(n2) as each element can be compared against rest of the elements. Best Case Average Case Worst Case In this case, the array is already sorted. Hence, only one comparison in each step will be needed. Hence, the time complexity is O(n). In average case, the time complexity is O(n2). (Kleinberg Tardos, 2013) In this case, the given array is reversely sorted. Hence the number of comparisons in each iteration will be, (n-1) + (n-2)+ + 2+1 = n(n-1)/2 = O(n2) Comparison of Time Complexities From the time complexity analysis of the algorithms, (McAllister, 2010) Algorithm Best Case Average Case Worst Case Quick sort (nlogn) (nlogn) (n2) Merge sort (nlogn) (nlogn) (nlogn) Bubble Sort O(n) O(n2) O(n2) As, asymptotically O(n2) is bigger than (nlogn), hence, the algorithms based on divide and conquer technique, reduce time for sorting. How Divide and Conquer helps in reduction of time complexity in sorting Divide and conquer use recursion to reduce the time complexity of sorting algorithm. It breaks the problem into smaller sub problem then solves those recursively rather than doing the same thing again and again for the entire problem. Reduction of the problem size helps in reducing the time for solving the problem. Thus time is saved. (Cormen, Leiserson, Rivest, Stein, 2011). References Cormen, T. H., Leiserson, C. E., Rivest, R. L., Stein, C. (2011). Introduction to Algorithms. MIT Press. Kleinberg, J., Tardos, . (2013). Algorithm Design. Pearson. McAllister, W. (2010). Data Structures and Algorithms Using Java. Jones Bartlett Publishers. MIT. (2015). Introduction to Algorithms (SMA 5503). Retrieved from MIT OpenCourseWare: https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/electrical-engineering-and-computer-science/6-046j-introduction-to-algorithms-sma-5503-fall-2005/ Sedgewick, R., Wayne, K. (2011). Algorithms . Addison-Wesley Professional.

Strategic Management Top Management Improve-Myassignmnthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the Strategic Management for Top Management Improvement. Answer: Reviewing the essay process The proposed essay includes several stages that will be covered through the essay. Two different elements involved in preparing the essay are the knowledge of essay purpose and the knowledge essay structure. Usually, the structure of the essay covers three different segment such as introduction, body and the conclusion. In addition, the purpose of the essay and the structure of the essay can be divided into several sub-elements such as Focus, Plan, Research, Formulate Argument and Write. Focus refers to the analysis of the task, which include the particular direction of the essay, relevant information and the certain limitations. In addition, the plan of the research focus on the knowledge of the task and the initial plan. The third segment of the essay includes the research. A critical analysis should be presented in the body of the essay based on the topic given. While preparing the analysis, the existing literature related to the topic needs to be reviewed to stand an argument in the essay. In formulate the argument in the essay; it is useful to find the relevant information based on the topic. Using the contents of that document to create the plan for the essay While presenting the argument in the essay, it is advisable to include the thesis statement and formulated argument to support the thesis statement. Thereafter, body of the essay should be written with analysis or the definition of the topic. In case the topic is selected, it is effective to write up the answer with the help of subject-angle-technique of the analysis. Next step comes with identifying some key ideas related to the topic Strategic Management. While identifying the key ideas related to the topic, it is advisable to go through the course outlines and apply mind-mapping technique to identify the key ideas. The next section comes with identifying some key words for associated with the topic. Hence, it is also necessary to pay attention to some relevant journals, abstract and data materials. The existing literature may help to formulate the argument in the essay. The argument or critical statement should be expressed in clear statement. The argument requires supporting evid ences. Topic: Does strategic management contribute to the success of the organization? Introduction The strategy is considered as an action plan that is built it achieve a particular goal or a set of specific goals while running the operation in an organization framework. It is also identified that strategic management is the technique of enhancing the capabilities that allow an organization to create value for shareholders, customers while operating in a competitive environment. Some particular techniques are involved in the strategic planning that specially points out organizations mission, vision and objectives. Another technique is to develop the policies as well as plans to achieve the objectives. The purpose of the essay is to understand and analyse whether or not strategic management positively contribute to the success of the organization. The topic is presented below through a critical analysis. Body/analysis The strategic management may include the strategic planning, which comes under organizational management activity that helps to set the priorities, focus on the resources. Priem, Li and Carr (2012) stated that strategic planning could help to strengthen the operation and make sure that employees and the organization are working toward same goals and building the agreement around the intended outcome. In this context, Hair et al. (2012) stated that, Strategic planning is a process not an event. One of the major key elements in the technique is the involvement of all levels of employees throughout the organization. On the contrary, Barney (2012) opined that although preparing a consistent strategy is a difficult task for any management team, making the strategy work as well as applying throughout the organization could be more difficult. In order to support the above-mentioned statement, Morgan (2012) stated that unlike strategy formulation, strategy execution is usually observed as so mething of craft, instead of science. Therefore, it can be mentioned that effective formulated strategies may fail to develop the performance for the organization, if they are not successfully executed. As opined by Keupp, Palmi and Gassmann (2012), the application of the strategy could be the most significant challenge in management faced by all sorts of corporations. Thus, it is often seen that most of the organizations tend to apply the techniques of strategic management for their respective purpose. However, most of them fail to deal with the challenge of strategy implementation. If the discussion is stretched back to the beginning, it can be observed that strategic management is usually emerged as the part of strategic planning, which has now been regarded as one of its core instruments. In this context, Dezso and Ross (2012) added that strategic planning was incorporated into strategic management, which further includes planning and management in the same technique. Conversely, Foss and Knudsen (2013) added that strategic management is derived from the fundamental concept of organizational policy. Certain benefits can be gained by applying the techniques of strategic management. As put forward by Hitt, Ireland and Hoskisson (2012), the strategic management is dispensable for an organization to become more proactive rather than reactive in developing its own future. It could help the organization to implement the activities; thus, it could exert control over its destiny. With the help of strategic management techniques, the firms could develop the sound stra tegies by applying more systematic, logical and rational techniques to strategic choice (Willcocks, 2013). Thus, to understand this popular concept, Pierce and Aguinis (2013) provided an example, which states that making sound strategy, the communication can be improved through dialogue and participation. By improving the communication, people could understand views of others and organizational commitment. It also helps to build the commitment, which further helps to achieve the objectives as well as implement the strategies. The outcomes with the fact that all leaders and employees work on mission to help the company to achieve success. In order to agree with above-mentioned fact that, Vogel and Gttel (2013) put forward that a well-built strategy needs all members work on particular mission; thereby, the entire concept of strategic management is an effective way to encourage all leaders, managers and employees dedicating to the firm. Furthermore, it has also been identified that strategic management enhances communication; therefore, the employees to learn what the organization does, how to achieve the objectives. Thus, they could engage themselves into the enterprise and make commitment for the same. Once the communication is developed, the managers and employees form an effective relationship by understanding each other, which is necessary to work on organizational mission. In addition, if the internal communication is developed, the external communication can also be developed. The firm could develop an effective relationship with the customers to learn the changing needs of the market. For example, Samsung has i mproved a strong customer-focus, which helps them to understand the needs and demands of the customers and the future needs as well. The brand Samsung has done understanding the market scenario of the global environment. On the contrary, the organization could also gain some non-financial benefits. For instance, the firm could enhance the understanding the marketing strategies of the competitors in the industry. As mentioned by Lin (2013), the well-known model SWOT helps the organization to find out the difference with competitors. The firm could effectively identify the strength, weaknesses and the external opportunities. Based on the analysis, further actions can be implemented. The strategic management allows the firm reducing the barriers to change since the communication is developed within the organization. However, there have been some global challenges associated with the technique used by the organizations. As opined by Hill, Jones and Schilling (2014), now nearly every organization is in the rush of extending the business in the global market and adopting the steps of running the operation into the global environment. Hence, the organizations use foreign business operation techniques. Thus, due to this fact of globalization. Many new orientations are coming out like International HRM. In this context, Morgan (2012) added that the process of organizational strategic management often needs to be renewed to deal with the new operations. Furthermore, it is also identified that with the rapid expansion of internet as well as developed technology, some organizations have paid attention to the e-commerce where they could run the business with electronic means. In such context, the strategic management technique of the business should be effective to change e-commerce motivation into business process. Keupp, Palmi and Gassmann (2012) stated about another challenge associated with strategic management, which comes in the form of diversification. It is observed that with increasing uncertainty and the dynamic scenario of the global business environment. The organizations prefer to engage themselves in diversified operations. In such case, the organization need to diversify the business risk. Therefore, the approaches to strategic management should be capable of recognizing the diversification of business opportunities. In order to disagree with the current approaches of strategic management, Barney (2012) argued that under the modern society, certain operating pressure are there such as environmental activism as well as consumer protectionism. However, the approaches to strategic management often fail to identify the external pressure groups. On the contrary, Hitt, Ireland and Hoskisson (2012) added that strategic management should conduct research for identifying the possible CSR a ctivities and implement those aligning with the expectation with the society. Conclusion On the completion of the essay, it can be mentioned that effective implementation of strategic management may help the organizations to achieve certain goals and objectives. However, the organizations often find it difficult to implement the approaches. It can be concluded that strategic management could help the organization to achieve success. Nevertheless, it is necessary to implement the strategies based on the current scenario of the environment. The organizations should be aware of the possible challenges after the implementation. References: Barney, J. B. (2012). Purchasing, supply chain management and sustained competitive advantage: The relevance of resource based theory. Journal of Supply Chain Management, 48(2), 3-6. Dezs, C. L., Ross, D. G. (2012). Does female representation in top management improve firm performance? A panel data investigation. Strategic Management Journal, 33(9), 1072-1089. Foss, N. J., Knudsen, C. (2013). Towards a competence theory of the firm (Vol. 2). Routledge. Hair, J. F., Sarstedt, M., Pieper, T. M., Ringle, C. M. (2012). The use of partial least squares structural equation modeling in strategic management research: a review of past practices and recommendations for future applications. Long range planning, 45(5), 320-340. Hill, C. W., Jones, G. R., Schilling, M. A. (2014). Strategic management: theory: an integrated approach. Cengage Learning. Hitt, M. A., Ireland, R. D., Hoskisson, R. E. (2012). Strategic management cases: competitiveness and globalization. Cengage Learning. Keupp, M. M., Palmi, M., Gassmann, O. (2012). The strategic management of innovation: A systematic review and paths for future research. International Journal of Management Reviews, 14(4), 367-390. Lin, R. J. (2013). Using fuzzy DEMATEL to evaluate the green supply chain management practices. Journal of Cleaner Production, 40, 32-39. Morgan, N. A. (2012). Marketing and business performance. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 40(1), 102-119. Pierce, J. R., Aguinis, H. (2013). The too-much-of-a-good-thing effect in management. Journal of Management, 39(2), 313-338. Priem, R. L., Li, S., Carr, J. C. (2012). Insights and new directions from demand-side approaches to technology innovation, entrepreneurship, and strategic management research. Journal of management, 38(1), 346-374. Vogel, R., Gttel, W. H. (2013). The dynamic capability view in strategic management: a bibliometric review. International Journal of Management Reviews, 15(4), 426-446. Willcocks, L. (2013). Information management: the evaluation of information systems investments. Springer.

Why Did Civil War Break Out in 1642 free essay sample

One of the reasons why the civil war broke out in England in 1642 was because of Charles lack of money. To discover the source of this, we have to go back to the beginning of James reign. James was the first King to reign over both England and Scotland, and when he came down from Scotland it is said that he was astonished at how rich England was, while James had needed to borrow money for his travelling expenses. When James died in 1625, Charles came to the throne, and he, like his father, had very little money. Once Charles became King, the County Faction1 wanted him to go to war with the Catholics in Spain, so Charles asked them for taxes to use on the war. They refused to pay enough, so the war was hopeless, and Parliament blamed the King for this. The reason Parliament granted so few taxes was that they wanted to make sure they were called again. We will write a custom essay sample on Why Did Civil War Break Out in 1642 or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Charles, a firm believer in the Divine Right of Kings, thought that he should not have to rule with Parliament, and the only thing that kept him calling it was money2. One good example of the way Parliament made sure they were called back in Charles reign was tonnage and poundage. These were duties imposed on certain imports and exports. It was normal for these duties to be decided in the first Parliament of a monarchs reign, but in the case of Charles, they only decided on it for one year, so the King would be forced to call them again. Although Charles tried to ask for more money, Parliament refused, because they believed he spent it on his favourites. Because of this, Charles had to get himself more money. He began using the Church Courts, exploiting taxes such as ship money3, and selling monopolies and titles. He also opened a Court of Star Chamber, which he used to fine people heavily to raise money. Since the judges in the Star Chamber were officials of the Crown, and there was no jury, Charles could be sure of getting a favourable result. Parliament was furious with this, and immediately drew up the Petition of Right, which asked the King to stop illegal taxation. The King signed it, but only because Parliament threatened to impeach Buckingham, one of the Kings favourites. The quarrels about money went on, and eventually Charles decided to dissolve Parliament. He reigned without them for 11 years. When the new prayer book was brought into Scotland, a group called the Covenanters attempted to invade England. Charles called a Parliament to try and get taxes to fight the Covenanters, but they refused4, so Charles dissolved them again. He was forced to pay the Scots ? 850 a day to stop them advancing, and eventually, in 1641, his money ran out, and he had to call Parliament he was bankrupt and at their mercy, so money was definitely a key factor in the outbreak of the civil war. Religion Another major influence in the outbreak of the civil war was religion. The religious quarrels began right at the start of Charles reign, when Charles married Henrietta Maria, a French Catholic. Although Charles didnt choose to marry her his father, James, set up the marriage the public, especially the Puritans, didnt like having a Catholic as Queen. A few extremists even saw this as a sign that Charles was secretly Catholic! After the King dissolved Parliament, he made William Laud the Archbishop of Canterbury, in 1633. While Laud was Archbishop, he made many changes to the Church. Most of these changes involved beatifying the Church and bringing back robes for priests, statues and stained-glass windows. All these things reminded the English of Catholicism. In 1636, Archbishop Laud decided to introduce the English Prayer Book (which stated how services should be run) into Scotland. There was nationwide rioting, because no one wanted to follow the new Prayer Book. Scotland was a Presbyterian (Puritan) country, and they thought that the English Prayer Book was far too Catholic to use in Scotland. This eventually led to many Scots, called the Covenanters, marching down the country in an attempt to invade England. At this point, Charles had to call Parliament to ask for taxes to pay for the war, but was horrified to see that most of the MPs were on the Covenanters side. Parliament agreed that the Prayer Book was too Catholic, so Charles dissolved them again, but after he ran out of money to pay the Scots (see the Money section above) he was forced to call Parliament again. Parliament first put Laud on trial, and found him guilty. Later they decided to execute Strafford on charges of organising an army in Ireland, where he governed. It turned out that this was a big mistake. As soon as Strafford was executed, the Irish Catholics rebelled against the Protestants, saying they were rebelling for the King. Although it was clear this was not true, Parliament did not trust the King when he asked them for an army, and so refused, believing he would use it to crush them instead. Foreign Affairs Another factor in the outbreak of civil war was foreign affairs. On the continent, the 30 Years War was going on, where Catholic rulers attempted to wipe out the Protestants in their countries. This fuelled peoples fears that something similar might happen in England. Other foreign causes of the war were from Ireland and Scotland, and are detailed above. Charles Personality Although it may seem unimportant, Charles personality was a major factor in the events leading to civil war. To start with, Charles hadnt expected to be King at all his elder brother, Henry, had been expected to take the job, but when he died suddenly in 1612, Charles became the heir to the throne. Charles also believed in the Divine Right of Kings. He thought, as his father had before him, that Kings were appointed by God, and could not be wrong. He disliked having to rule with Parliament, and thought that he should be able to do anything he liked. This caused much friction between him and the MPs. Parliament The Short Parliament When Parliament was summoned in April 1640, Charles had governed for eleven years without them5, and while this certainly went against the spirit of the English constitution, it was within the Kings prerogative to do so. Charles was forced to call a parliament when the Scots rebelled. Putting an army into the field to deal with the Scots put a heavy drain on the royal finances, so Charles needed to levy a tax, which he could only do with the consent of Parliament. When Parliament met the gentry from the counties used the occasion to vent their frustration, with Harbottle Grimston and John Pym leading a catalogue of complaints. Three weeks later, Charles dissolved Parliament, blaming the malicious cunning of some few seditious affected men. This was known as the Short Parliament and it sat from 13 April, 1640, to 5 May, 1640. The war with the Scots did not fair well for Charles, but he eventually came to an agreement of ? 850 a day to keep the Scots at bay. The Long Parliament In order to pay this and get funds for a final settlement Charles had to summon another Parliament6. This time Charles could not afford to dismiss Parliament until he got what he wanted, and this gave Parliament an important card to play in what was to come. The Long Parliament, as it was known, sat from 3 November, 1640, for 13 years, until Oliver Cromwell suppressed it. It should be noted it was not formally dismissed until 1660, after the Restoration. Therefore, when Parliament met in November 1640, it was with a mood of constitutional reform. Of the 493 MPs elected: * 340 were anti-Court (the County Faction) * 64 were for the Court (supporters of the King) * 59 were of an unknown disposition * 17 were disabled from sitting (these were mainly of the Court Camp) * The remaining 13 were probably of the Court Faction. Parliament pinned the blame for what went wrong on the Kings advisors, rather than Charles himself, sending both Strafford and Laud to the Tower. Charles also tried to heal the rift by signing Straffords death warrant, passing a bill that allowed for Parliament not to be dissolved without its own consent, a bill making ship money illegal and other bills that taken together demolished the framework of prerogative government. The Thrilling Climax All of these causes led to some key events in 1641 and 1642. It turned out that the execution of Strafford had been a mistake. Without Strafford to reign over Ireland, the Irish rebelled in 1641. This raised an insoluble problem; who would command the Army, King or Parliament? John Pym took the initiative by issuing the Militia Bill and, more importantly, the Grand Remonstrance. It listed all the things Charles had done wrong in his reign, suggested less power for bishops, and said that Parliament should have power over the Church and the appointment of Royal ministers. It was passed by 11 votes, which meant that, while most of the Commons had previously been against him, now almost half of them supported him. However, it was after this that the King made a foolish move. On the advice of his Queen (who was used to French politics, where the King had much more power over the way the country was run), Charles decided to arrest the five ringleaders, including Pym. On 4 January, 1642, Charles attempted to get into the Commons to arrest the five MPs, and found that after he and his guards had battered the door down, the MPs had been warned and werent there. This action turned most of Parliament against him once more, because it was held to be a breach of Parliamentary privilege7. On the next day, the escaped MPs paraded up and down London guarded by the Trained Bands, an army of part-time soldiers.